• Interactive grammar tutorials with quick checks • Textbook activities 7 Estructura Communicative Objective: Describe daily routines 7.1 Reflexive verbs ANTE TODO A reflexive verb is used to indicate that the subject does something to or for himself or herself. In other words, it “reflects” the action of the verb back to the subject. Reflexive verbs always use reflexive pronouns. The verb lavarse (to wash oneself) SINGULAR FORMS yo me lavo I wash (myself) tú te lavas you wash (yourself) Ud. se lava you wash (yourself) él/ella se lava he/she washes (himself/ herself) PLURAL FORMS nosotros/as nos lavamos we wash (ourselves) vosotros/as os laváis you wash (yourselves) Uds. se lavan you wash (yourselves) ellos/ellas se lavan they wash (themselves) AYUDA Except for se, reflexive pronouns have the same forms as direct and indirect object pronouns. ... Seis used for both singular and plural subjects—there is no individual plural form: Pablo se lava. Ellos se lavan. • The pronoun se attached to an infinitive identifies the verb as reflexive: lavarse. • When a reflexive verb is conjugated, the reflexive pronoun agrees with the subject. Me afeito. Te despiertas a las siete. • Like object pronouns, reflexive pronouns generally appear before a conjugated verb. With infinitives and present participles, they may be placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive or present participle. Ellos se van a vestir. Nos estamos lavando las manos. Ellos van a vestirse. Estamos lavándonos las manos. They are going to get dressed. We are washing our hands. • ¡Atención! When a reflexive pronoun is attached to a present participle, an accent mark is added to maintain the original stress. bañando bañándose durmiendo durmiéndose SUBJECT REFLEXIVE VERB Joaquín se ducha por la mañana. ¡No puedes lavarte el pelo con mi champú! ¿Por qué siempre te pones mis cosas? Interactive Grammar Tutorial Common reflexive verbs acordarse (de) (o:ue) acostarse (o:ue) afeitarse bañarse cepillarse despertarse (e:ie) dormirse (o:ue) ducharse enojarse (con) irse lavarse levantarse to remember to go to bed to shave to take a bath to brush to wake up to go to sleep; to fall asleep to take a shower to get angry (with) to go away; to leave to wash (oneself) to get up llamarse maquillarse peinarse ponerse ponerse (+ adj.) preocuparse (por) probarse (o:ue) quedarse quitarse secarse sentarse (e:ie) sentirse (e:ie) vestirse (e:i) to be called; to be named to put on makeup to comb oneʼs hair to put on to become (+ adj.) to worry (about) to try on to stay to take off to dry (oneself) to sit down to feel to get dressed AYUDA You have already learned several adjectives that can be used with ponersewhen it means to become: alegre, cómodo/a, contento/a, elegante, guapo/a, nervioso/a, rojo/a, and triste. Unlike English, a number of verbs in Spanish can be reflexive or non-reflexive. If the verb acts upon the subject, the reflexive form is used. If the verb acts upon something other than the subject, the non-reflexive form is used. Compare these sentences. As the preceding sentences show, reflexive verbs sometimes have different meanings than their non-reflexive counterparts. For example, lavar means to wash, while lavarse means to wash oneself, to wash up. Compare & contrast • ¡Atención! Parts of the body or clothing are generally not referred to with possessives, but with articles. La niña se quitó un zapato. Necesito cepillarme los dientes. ¡INTÉNTALO! Indica el presente de estos verbos reflexivos. despertarse ponerse 1. Mis hermanos se despiertan tarde. 1. Él se pone una chaqueta. 2. Tú tarde. 2. Yo una chaqueta. 3. Nosotros tarde. 3. Las niñas una chaqueta. 4. Yo tarde. 4. Nosotras una chaqueta. 5. Benito tarde. 5. Usted una chaqueta. Lola lava los platos. Lucía se lava la cara. doscientos cuarenta y nueve • 249 Vistas-at-a-glance xxii Estructura presents Spanish grammar in a graphic-intensive format. 1. Communicative objectives There is a communicative objective for each grammar point that lets you know what you will be able to do in Spanish. 2. Ante todo Ease into grammar with definitions of grammatical terms, reminders about what you already know of English grammar, and Spanish grammar you have learned in earlier lessons. 3. Diagrams Clear and easy-to-grasp grammar explanations are reinforced by colorful diagrams that present sample words, phrases, and sentences. 4. Charts To help you learn, colorful, easy-to-use charts call out key grammatical structures and forms, as well as important related vocabulary. 5. Compare & contrast This feature focuses on aspects of grammar that native speakers of English may find difficult, clarifying similarities and differences between Spanish and English. 6. Student sidebars provide you with on-the-spot linguistic, cultural, or language-learning information directly related to the materials in front of you. 7. ¡Inténtalo! offers an easy first step into each grammar point. 1 2 3 4 7 6 5 1. Communicative objectives S27
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