© 2025 Vista Higher Learning Reading and Writing Growth with Vista’s Engage 22 Writing Outcomes by Ethnicity We conducted a second ANCOVA to determine whether writing growth di ered by ethnicity, again adjusting for pre-instruction AZELLA writing scores. Table 14 presents these results. Table 14 ANCOVA Results for Writing Growth (AZELLA Posttest Adjusted for Pre-Instruction Writing Level) Source Type III Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig Corrected Model 45982.26 5 9196.45 34.63 Sig. Intercept 58501.66 1 58501.66 220.29 <.001 AZELLA PreInstruction Scores 40441.37 1 40441.37 152.28 <.001 Ethnicity 381.86 4 95.46 .360 .837 Error 43819.43 165 265.57 Total 8600152.00 171 Corrected Total Similar to reading, there were no statistically significant di erences in writing growth among ethnic groups, F(4, 171)=0.36, p=.837. Engage instruction was equally e ective across ethnicities for developing writing skills. Table 15 displays the adjusted mean AZELLA writing posttest scores by ethnicity. Table 15 Adjusted Mean AZELLA Writing Posttest Scores by Ethnicity Ethnicity N Mean SD Missing 3 African American 39 224.13 21.35 Asian American 27 219.72 23.17 Hispanic 94 223.45 22.91 Other (White/NonHispanic, multiracial, Native American) 8 224.46 21.17 Total 171 223.30 22.98
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