ESTRUCTURAS presents intermediate grammar topics with Documental video integration and other visual support. COMMUNICATIVE OBJECTIVES highlight the real-life tasks students will be able to carry out in Spanish by the end of each lesson. INTEGRATION OF DOCUMENTAL Photos with captions from the lesson’s short documentary-type video show the new grammar structures in cultural and thematic contexts. GRAMMAR EXPLANATIONS Easy to understand explanations, comprehensible charts, diagrams, and model sentences highlight grammar and thematic vocabulary. ATENCIÓN These sidebars expand on the current grammar point and call attention to possible sources of confusion. TALLER DE CONSULTA These sidebars reference related grammar points actively presented in Estructuras and refer students to the supplemental Manual de gramática found at the end of the book. COMPARACIONES These sidebars provide opportunities for students to use Spanish to reflect on the nature of language through comparisons with their own language. • Grammar presentations • Animated grammar tutorials TALLER DE CONSULTA These grammar topics are covered in the Manual de gramática, Lección 3. 3.4 Possessive adjectives and pronouns, p. 414 3.5 Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, p. 416 ¡ATENCIÓN! The indicative is used to express actions, states, or facts the speaker considers to be certain. The subjunctive expresses the speaker’s attitude toward events, as well as actions or states that the speaker views as uncertain. ¡ATENCIÓN! Verbs that end in –car, –gar, and –zar undergo spelling changes in the present subjunctive. sacar: saque jugar: juegue almorzar: almuerce The subjunctive in noun clauses Forms of the present subjunctive The subjunctive (el subjuntivo) is used mainly in subordinate clauses to express will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial. The present subjunctive is formed by dropping the –o from the yo form of the present indicative and adding these endings: The present subjunctive hablar comer escribir hable hables hable hablemos habléis hablen coma comas coma comamos comáis coman escriba escribas escriba escribamos escribáis escriban Verbs with irregular yo forms show that same irregularity in all forms of the present subjunctive. conocer → decir → hacer → conozca diga haga oír → poner → tener → oiga ponga tenga traer → venir → ver → traiga venga vea Verbs with stem changes in the present indicative show the same changes in the present subjunctive. Stem-changing –ir verbs also undergo a stem change in the nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms of the present subjunctive. pensar (e:ie) jugar (u:ue) mostrar (o:ue) entender (e:ie) resolver (o:ue) pedir (e:i/i) sentir (e:ie/i) dormir (o:ue/u) piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, penséis, piensen juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos, juguéis, jueguen muestre, muestres, muestre, mostremos, mostréis, muestren entienda, entiendas, entienda, entendamos, entendáis, entiendan resuelva, resuelvas, resuelva, resolvamos, resolváis, resuelvan pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman The following five verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive. dar estar ir saber ser dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean 3.1 Interactive Tutorials 96 ESTRUCTURAS Communicative Objective: Give advice about important actions and things PER2e_SE-IAE_L03_096-109_ES.indd 96 28/06/24 16:00 Verbs of will and influence A clause is a sequence of words that contains both a conjugated verb and a subject (expressed or implied). In a subordinate (dependent) noun clause (oración subordinada sustantiva), the words in the sequence function together as a noun. Teddy prefiere que las máscaras se pinten con pintura acrílica. When the subject of a sentence’s main (independent) clause exerts influence or will on the subject of the subordinate clause, the verb in the subordinate clause takes the subjunctive. MAIN CLAUSE CONNECTOR SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Yo quiero que tú vayas al cine conmigo. Verbs and expressions of will and influence aconsejar to advise desear to desire, to wish es importante it’s important es necesario it’s necessary es urgente it’s urgent exigir to demand gustar to like; to be pleasing hacer to make importar to be important insistir (en) to insist (on) mandar to order necesitar to need oponerse a to oppose; to object to pedir (e:i/i) to ask for; to request preferir (e:ie/i) to prefer prohibir to prohibit proponer to propose querer (e:ie) to want; to wish recomendar (e:ie) to recommend rogar (o:ue) to beg; to plead sugerir (e:ie/i) to suggest Martín quiere que vayamos a un concierto este viernes. Martín wants us to go to a concert this Friday. Es necesario que lleguen al estreno antes de la una. It’s necessary that they arrive at the premiere before one o’clock. Les recomiendo que lean el libro antes de ver la película. I recommend that you read the book before watching the movie. Tus padres se oponen a que salgas tan tarde por la noche. Your parents object to your going out so late at night. The infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of will and influence if there is no change of subject in the sentence. The que is unnecessary in this case. Infinitive Es importante ir a Ponce en mayo. It's important to go to Ponce in May. Subjunctive Prefiero que vayas en marzo. I prefer that you go in March. ¡ATENCIÓN! Pedir is used with the subjunctive to ask someone to do something. Preguntar is used to ask questions, and is not followed by the subjunctive. No te pido que lo hagas ahora. I’m not asking you to do it now. No te pregunto si lo haces ahora. I’m not asking you if you’re doing it now. COMPARACIONES El subjuntivo se usa mucho en español, pero en inglés no es usual. Antes, el subjuntivo era más común en inglés. Sin embargo, hoy puede parecer demasiado formal. Solo se usa en ciertos casos, como para expresar deseos (I wish you were here) y pedidos (they ask that she bring her friends). 1. En parejas, escriban otra oración con el subjuntivo en inglés. ¿Pueden expresar el mismo mensaje sin usarlo? ¿Cómo? 2. Escribe una oración en español con el subjuntivo. Intercambia tu oración con un(a) compañero/a y determinen los equivalentes en inglés. ¿Se usa el subjuntivo en inglés? ¿Por qué o por qué no? 3. Expliquen: ¿Por qué cambia un idioma con el paso del tiempo? 97 La buena vida LECCIÓN 3 PER2e_SE-IAE_L03_096-109_ES.indd 97 28/06/24 16:00 IAE-22 Perspectivas at-a-glance S20
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NzM2OTg2