The Consonants of English: Sound Transfer Positive sound transfer happens when the home language contains a sound that is the same or very similar to the sound in English. Sounds are shown in the first column inside slashes with a sample word containing the sound. A “+” in a column indicates a positive transfer and that the sound is shared between that language and English. If “similar” appears in the column, the sound is approximately the same in that language and in English. If it is a zero transfer, it will say “no equivalent.” LINGUISTIC CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS CHART 1 Consonant Sounds Spanish Vietnamese Mandarin Haitian Creole Somali Tagalog Arabic /b/ as in ball + similar similar + + + + /k/ as in cat, kite, neck + + + + difficult to produce + + /d/ as in doll + similar difficult to hear or produce + + + + /f/ as in fan + + + + + no equivalent; substitute /p/ + /g/ as in goat + + difficult to hear or produce + + + + /h/ as in hand + + + does not exist + + similar but also includes two other deeper sounds like the last sound in Bach /j/ as in jam, page, hedge similar; sometimes with y similar difficult to hear or produce may substitute /zh/ + + + /l/ as in lamb + + (but does not occur at end of syllables) + (but difficult to hear difference between /l/ and /r/; also difficult to produce as a final consonant) + + + + Txlv
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