Viking Exploration A Read the informational text. Traveling by Sea The Vikings were Norse sailors and soldiers in Scandinavia. They traveled the oceans in longships over 3,000 years ago. The boats were made from strong, hard wood. They were long and narrow and moved quickly in the water. Vikings made sea voyages to distant places, and the longships also moved easily in shallow rivers. Most of the time, the Vikings rowed the ships with oars. They only used sails when the wind was blowing in the right direction. Some longships had a wooden dragon on the front to scare enemies. The longships were sometimes called dragon ships. The Vikings often put their shields on the side of their ships. This protected them from attacks. Vikings sailed to northern Europe, Greenland, Iceland, and Newfoundland in North America. During the day, they used the position of the Sun to navigate. They also used their senses to help them navigate. They sensed the direction of the wind, watched the angle and color of the waves, tasted the water, and smelled the air to help them. At night, they used stars to navigate. Polaris, or the North Star, often guided them. They had names and stories for some constellations. In Norse mythology, Thor was the god of thunder, weather, and crops. The constellation Ursa Major was his chariot. What helped people travel to new areas in the past? ? ESSENTIAL QUESTION Viking longships could travel great distances. CONNECT TO Social Studies 192 UNIT 5 B Comprehension Share your answers with a classmate. 1. Describe the longships. 2. What was the purpose of the wooden dragons? 3. How did the Vikings use their shields on the longships? 4. How did the Vikings navigate during the day? At night? C Use the text to help you complete the chart. what Vikings used how it was helpful 1. longships They could make voyages in the ocean and travel down rivers in these. 2. They used these to row the longships. 3. wooden dragons 4. They used these to protect the sides of their longships during attacks. 5. It tasted saltier when they were farther away from land. 6. This star was always in the north, so it helped them know which way they were going. D Making connections On a Viking ship, a dragon head’s purpose is to scare other ships. In the story Anansi and His Six Sons, what is each son’s purpose? Pillow’s purpose is to make Anansi’s fall soft. He protects Anansi. Pillow Road- Weaver SeeEverything River- Drinker Friend- of-Fish Bird- Whistler 193 UNIT 5 Our solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy. The Sun is a large star at the center of our solar system. There are eight planets in our solar system. They orbit the Sun. The inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, are closest to the Sun. They are solid and rocky planets. The outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. They are made mainly of gases and dust. They also have rings. The planets’ names come from Roman mythology. The planet closest to the Sun is named Mercury because it seemed to move quickly. This reminded people of the Roman messenger god Mercury who could run very fast. People can see Venus, the second planet from the Sun, in the night sky. This planet is named after the goddess of love because it is the brightest planet in the sky. Earth, the third planet from the Sun, is followed by Mars. Mars was named after the Roman god of war because of its red color. The outer planets have names from Roman mythology, too. Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, so it was named after the most important Roman god. Saturn and Uranus were named after Jupiter’s father and grandfather. Neptune was named after the Roman god of the ocean. Its color reminded people of the water. A Read the informational text. Naming the Planets The Planets in Our Solar System How did the planets get their names? ? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CONNECT TO Science 190 UNIT 5 B Use the vocabulary Discuss the questions. 1. What is the Milky Way? What is at the center of our solar system? 2. How many planets orbit the Sun? Which planet name do you think is the most interesting? Why? 3. Which planets are the inner planets? What are the inner planets like? 4. Which planets are the outer planets? What are the outer planets like? C Discuss Use the text to label each planet. Then, discuss how each planet, besides Earth, got its name. D Making connections How are the names of planets different from the names of constellations? Find out how people name storms, mountains, bodies of water, or some other natural phenomenon. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The Solar System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. UNIT 5 191 Students can listen to audio recordings of the content-area texts. Connect to Social Studies • Social studies content and skills align with the National Council for the Social Studies Ten Themes. Connect to Science • Science content and skills align with grade-level NGSS standards. Connect to Language Arts • A variety of text genres help develop reading skills. • Students also learn and practice some tools for writing. ACADEMIC CONTENT CONNECTIONS Connect to Mathematics • Math content and skills align with grade level standards. Patterns in Place Value A Read about patterns in place value. Patterns in Place Value The place of a digit in a number determines its value. Our place value system is based on patterns of ten. Each digit to the left is ten times the value of the digit to its right. Each digit to the right is one-tenth the value of the digit to its left. The space glove is eight (8) inches long. The space suit is eighty (80) inches long. It is 10 times the length of the glove. A rope that connects the astronaut to the shuttle is eight hundred (800) inches long. The rope is 10 times longer than the space suit and 100 times longer than the glove. The glove is 1 10 the length of the space suit. The glove is 1 100 the length of the rope. Look at the place value chart below. How many times greater is the 5 in the ones place than the 5 in the tenths place? It is 10 times greater. What is the relationship between the 7 in the tens place and the 7 in the hundreds place? It is ten times less. How many times greater is the 4 in the millions place than the 4 in the ten thousands place? It is 100 times greater. millions hundred thousands ten thousands thousands hundreds tens ones tenths hundredths 4 5 4 5 7 7 5 5 5 , , . How can understanding the relationships between the size of digits help you to understand place value? ? ESSENTIAL QUESTION UNIT 5 194 CONNECT TO Mathematics B Complete each sentence with the correct word or words. 1. The placement of a determines its . 2. Our place value system is based on patterns of . 3. A digit to the left is the size of the digit on the right. 4. A digit on the right is the size of the digit on the left. C Earth is 92,955,820 miles from the Sun. Use what you have learned about the patterns in place value to answer the questions below. 1. How many times greater is the 5 in the ten thousands place than the 5 in the thousands place? 2. How many times greater is the 9 in the ten millions place than the 9 in the hundred thousands place? 3. How many times greater is the 2 in the millions place than the 2 in the tens place? 4. What is the relationship between the 5 in the thousands place and the 5 in the ten thousands place? D Making connections Create a large number and explain the relationship between two of the digits in your number. How can you use the patterns of ten in the place value system to describe the relationship between digits? Discuss your ideas in a group. Words to Use digit greater than less than ten value 195 UNIT 5 The four content sections—Language Arts, Science, Social Studies, Mathematics—focus on building academic literacy. A Pourquoi Tale A Read the pourquoi tale. How Parrot Got Its Long ago, Parrot lived in the rain forest with many colorful animals. Tree Frog had a bright green body with blue and yellow stripes, Jaguar had amazing orange fur with black spots, and Butterfly had gigantic bright blue wings. However, poor Parrot was white with no colors at all. One day, Bat came to the forest and announced, “I am going to destroy the forest and make it rain forever!” The rain fell harder and harder throughout the day, so all of the animals hid, except Parrot. She bravely asked Sun to help. Sun tried to stop the rain by shining light on the land. The rain didn’t stop, but Bat hated the sunshine and disappeared. Then, the rainwater and sunshine created an incredible rainbow that the animals had never seen before. All of the animals came out to see it, even though they were afraid. Parrot was not frightened. She yelled, “Thank you, Sun!” and flew quickly through the rainbow. When Parrot came out on the other side, she was colorful, like the rainbow. Ever since, the rain forest has been greener because of the rain and sunshine. Bats only come out at night, but the colorful parrots fly through the sky all day. Once in a while, when the sun and the rain work together, a wonderful rainbow appears. COLORS How do characters change in some stories? ? ESSENTIAL QUESTION TEXT GENRE A Pourquoi Tale A pourquoi tale is similar to a myth because it explains something. In addition, the main character changes in some way. CONNECT TO Language Arts 186 UNIT 5 A Choose the theme for each story. B Talk about it 1. How is Parrot different from the other animals at the beginning? 2. What does Bat do? What does Sun do? 3. What do the rainwater and sunshine create? 4. What does Parrot do at the end? How does she change? 1. How Parrot Got Its Colors a. No one wants to be colorful. b. It’s important to be brave. c. Bats aren’t good for a rain forest. 2. The Story of Arachne a. You shouldn’t brag about yourself. b. You should keep your house clean. c. You shouldn’t make things at home. 3. Anansi and His Six Sons a. Many brothers argue with each other. b. You shouldn’t help others. c. It’s important to share. B Discuss the theme for How Parrot Got Its Colors. How do Parrot’s personality and the relevant details of the tale help you understand the theme? TEXT ELEMENTS Identify Theme Pourquoi tales, myths, and other types of stories often have a theme. The theme is a message that the author wants the reader to understand. A character’s personality and relevant details can help you figure out the theme. 187 UNIT 5 Tools for Writing Condense Ideas with that You can condense ideas by combining sentences using that. Jaguar had amazing spots. The spots were black and orange. Jaguar had amazing spots that were black and orange. When you condense ideas with that, you avoid repeating words. It makes your writing more sophisticated and easier to read. A Find and write the condensed versions of these sentences from the stories. How Parrot Got Its Colors 1. Then, the rainwater and sunshine created an incredible rainbow. The animals had never seen a rainbow before. Anansi and His Six Sons 2. He wove a silk road. The silk road led to the river. 3. Friend-of-Fish whispered something to the big fish. What he whispered made it laugh and laugh. 4. When they got home, Anansi went to his closet and took out a shimmering white ball. He had been saving the ball for a long time. B Condense the ideas in these sentences. Use that. 1. Bat was an animal. This animal hated sunshine. 2. Butterfly had blue wings. The wings were gigantic. 3. Parrot was a bird. This bird had no color. 4. I read a tale. The tale was about the rain forest. CONNECT TO Language Arts UNIT 5 188 C Rewrite the pourquoi tale. Condense repeated ideas using that. Beaver had a fluffy tail. He bragged about his fluffy tail. Beaver started to cut down a tree. This tree was in the forest. The tree fell on his tail. He was sad. He was sad because his tail was flat now. He learned not to boast! WORD STUDY Homographs Homographs are spelled the same, but they have different meanings. Some homographs have the same pronunciation. wave wāv (verb) to say hello with your hand wave wāv (noun) a rolling movement Some homographs have different pronunciation. bat bat (noun) a nocturnal animal with wings bat bat (noun) a long stick used to hit a baseball tear tērr (noun) a drop of water when someone is crying tear tærr (verb) to rip (such as paper or fabric) produce pruh-'düs (verb) to make something produce 'prō-düs (noun) fruits and vegetables Understanding homographs and knowing the correct meaning can help you understand a text. A Choose a homograph. Write sentences that show both meanings. Orange is my favorite color. I love to eat oranges in the summer. orange fly light right wave train UNIT 5 189 WALK-THROUGH Txii
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