Get Ready! Sail - PROGRAM SAMPLER

The Consonants of English: Sound Transfer Positive sound transfer happens when the home language contains a sound that is the same or very similar to the sound in English . Sounds are shown in the first column inside slashes with a sample word containing the sound . A “+” in a column indicates a positive transfer and that the sound is shared between that language and English . If “similar” appears in the column, the sound is approximately the same in that language and in English . If it is a zero transfer, it will say “no equivalent .” Consonant Sounds Spanish Vietnamese Mandarin Haitian Creole Somali Arabic /b/ as in ball + similar similar + + + /k/ as in cat, kite , neck + + + + difficult to produce + /d/ as in doll + similar difficult to hear or produce + + + /f/ as in fan + + + + + + /g/ as in goat + + difficult to hear or produce + + + /h/ as in hand + + + does not exist + similar but also includes two other deeper sounds like the last sound in Bach /j/ as in jam , page , hedge similar; sometimes with y similar difficult to hear or produce may substitute /zh/ + + /l/ as in lamb + + (but does not occur at end of syllables) + (but difficult to hear difference between /l/ and /r/; also difficult to produce as a final consonant) + + + Txxxix LINGUISTIC CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS CHART 1