WALK-THROUGH ACADEMIC CONTENT CONNECTIONS A Read about the history of Earth and the development of the geologic timeline. Earth is 4.6 billion years old. That’s 4,600,000,000 years! But how do we know about Earth’s history? Geologists are scientists who study Earth’s rocks. They study the layers of rock in the ground, which get older as you go farther down into Earth. Geologists also study fossils, which are the preserved remains or traces of living things. Geologists use fossils to determine what Earth was like in the past and how life has changed over time. Geologists have used what they learn from rock layers and fossils to make the geologic time scale. The scale is like a timeline that tells the story of Earth’s history. It is divided into very long intervals called eons. Eons are divided into shorter intervals of time called eras, and eras are divided into periods. What era and period of Earth’s history do we live in? Understanding Rise of man Rise of mammals First birds Cycads, First dinosaurs First reptiles First insects Many crinoids Earliest land animals Early bony fish Modern seed bearing plants Dinosaurs First seed plants Cartilage fish Invertebrate animals, Brachiopods, Trilobites Earth’s crust had cooled enough to allow the formation of continents and life started to form. Bacteria, Algae, Jellyfish Formation of the Earth layers things on top of one another fossils prints of dead animas in rock EARTH’S HISTORY GLOSSARY ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do scientists measure time in Earth’s history? ? BRIDGES TO SCIENCE Geologic Time Scale UNIT 1 30 Earth’s Story BLC23_SE_LB_U01_030-031_BS.indd 30 8/30/21 12:13 PM B Find the green words in the text “Understanding Earth’s History.” Then complete the sentences with the correct form of the words. 1. Fossils are living things that have been in rock. 2. Geologists study rocks and fossils to how Earth has changed over time. 3. The geologic time scale divides Earth’s history into different . C Look at the diagram. It shows four rock layers. 1. Is layer A older or younger than layer B? Explain. 2. A fossil of a fish is found in layer D. What was the area like when the animal was alive? 3. No fish fossils are found in layers A–C. How do you think the area has changed over time? D Making connections In science, a period is a specific length of time. The word period can be used in other ways to talk about time. 1. How long are your school periods? 2. What is one period in history that you know? What do you know about it? RESEARCH QUESTION Find out more about different fossils discovered by geologists. Research one fossil that you want to know more about. You can: ✔ describe the fossil ✔ tell a story ✔ show pictures ✔ give your opinion preserve to protect or keep safe determine to make a decision or conclusion about something after studying it interval a block or chunk of time MEET A GEOLOGIST Dr. Maria Eugenia Gold was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and grew up in Maryland. Dr. Gold studied biology and geology in school, and she teaches biology in college. Dr. Gold describes herself as a “dinosaur nerd” and studies how some dinosaurs gained the ability to fly. fossil facts UNIT 1 31 BLC23_SE_LB_U01_030-031_BS.indd 31 8/30/21 12:13 PM A Read about special cultural celebrations around the world. Every person is a part of many different stories. As individuals, each of us has our own story. But we are also a part of the stories of our families, our cultures, and our nation. Nations celebrate their stories with holidays. Holidays honor important people and events in the past. Some holidays even look forward to the future. INDEPENDENCE DAY Many nations celebrate their birthdays. In the United States, Independence Day is celebrated on July 4 with parades, picnics, and fireworks. In India, Independence Day is celebrated on August 15. Many people fly kites with the colors of the Indian flag. South Korea has two holidays—on March 1 and August 15—to celebrate the country’s independence! HONORING ANCESTORS The Day of the Dead is a special holiday in Mexico on November 1 and 2. People honor their ancestors by celebrating with family, friends, food, music, and dancing. In Japan, the holiday Obon occurs between August 13 and 15. People make special meals and put out paper lanterns to welcome their ancestors back home. CHILDREN’S DAY The United Nations established Universal Children’s Day in 1954 to promote togetherness among children worldwide and improve children’s welfare. Children’s Day is celebrated on different days around the world, and each country has its own traditions. But it is usually a happy day to celebrate children. Children may get presents, have school performances, or play games together. HONOR the PAST CELEBRATE the FUTURE honor to recognize as special independence freedom universal found or practiced everywhere GLOSSARY ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do nations and cultures celebrate their histories? ? AND BRIDGES TO SOCIAL STUDIES UNIT 1 32 Celebrating Our Stories BLC23_SE_LB_U01_032-033_BSS.indd 32 8/30/21 12:18 PM B Comprehension Answer the questions. 1. Why do nations celebrate their independence with a holiday? 2. What are some ways that people honor their ancestors? 3. Why is Children’s Day an important holiday? 4. Why is it important to honor people and events from the past? C Reread the paragraph about Children’s Day. Look at the image of the Children’s Day flag. 1. Describe the flag. 2. What do the figures standing on the ball represent? 3. Why are the figures different colors? 4. What do you think is the message of this flag? D Brainstorm ideas for a new holiday that you think should be celebrated. Answer the questions. 1. What is the event or cause to celebrate? 2. How will you celebrate it? 3. How does the celebration show what the event or cause is about? E Making connections Think about a celebration that you know. Answer the questions. 1. How is the celebration about the past? 2. How is it about the future? 3. What do people do to celebrate this day? MEET A HISTORIAN Dr. Nwando Achebe, born in eastern Nigeria, is a historian who has written award-winning books about Africa. Her father, Chinua Achebe, is a novelist, essayist, and poet whose historically accurate works are widely taught. Nwando has taught history in China and conducted research in Nigeria. She is currently a professor of history in Michigan. IDEAS TO USE an independence day a day that honors a person a day that honors an event On Ocean Day, we celebrate clean oceans. Everyone wears blue makeup to show that we want to take care of our oceans. UNIT 1 33 BLC23_SE_LB_U01_032-033_BSS.indd 33 8/30/21 12:18 PM Students can listen to audio recordings of the content-area texts. Bridges to Social Studies • Social studies content and skills align with the National Council for the Social Studies Ten Themes. Bridges to Science • Science content and skills align with grade-level NGSS standards. The four main content sections—Language Arts, Science, Social Studies, Mathematics— focus on building academic literacy. Bridges to Language Arts • A variety of text genres help develop reading skills. • Students learn and practice tools for writing. • Students are introduced to various careers as they meet people who work in the different fields of study. A Read the poem. Poets use words in a special way. Some poems have rules, and some poems have no rules. Poets create rhythm, a beat like music. Many poems are written with lines. The lines make up a stanza. Text Genre POETRY 1. Identify the title, author, and date of the poem. 2. How many lines are in the poem? 3. How many stanzas are in the poem? 4. How many lines are there in each stanza? INSPECT THE TEXT pair two of something advertise to tell others Emily Dickinson 1830–1886 [1] I’m Nobody! Who are you? [2] Are you – Nobody – too? [3] Then there’s a pair of us! [4] Don’t tell! they’d advertise – you know! [5] How dreary – to be – Somebody! [6] How public – like a Frog – [7] To tell one’s name – the livelong June – [8] To an admiring Bog! I’m Nobody! Who are you? GLOSSARY B Answer the questions in Inspect the Text. 26 UNIT 1 ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do poets use words to show meaning? ? Poetry a frog in a bog BRIDGES TO LANGUAGE ARTS BLC23_SE_LB_U01_026-029_BLA.indd 26 9/15/21 12:24 PM A Answer the questions about “I'm Nobody, Who Are You?” 1. Does the narrator want to be Somebody? How do you know? 2. How does the narrator feel about being Nobody? 3. What does the narrator compare Somebody to? B Rewrite the poem “I'm Nobody, Who Are You?” Use your own words. Choose your own capitalization. You can change the punctuation, too. Practice reading your poem aloud. Structure Poets create a structure for their poems. A poem’s lines make up the structure. Lines in a group make up a stanza. Part of a poem’s structure is the rhyme scheme. Notice the lines that rhyme. I‘m Nobody! Who are you? Are you Nobody – too? Conventions Poetry does not have to follow conventions—the regular rules of language. For example, Emily Dickinson capitalizes four words that we do not usually capitalize in English: Somebody, Nobody, Frog, and Bog. How does capitalization change how you read the poem? TEXT ELEMENTS Literary Features: Poetry SAMPLE [1] I’m ! Who are you? [2] Are you – – too? [3] Then there’s a pair of us! [4] Don’t tell! they’d – you know! [5] How – to be – ! [6] How – like – [7] To – the livelong June – [8] To ! Quiet Quiet shout at us wonderful Quiet Easy Sunshine whisper some words Anyone who will listen UNIT 1 27 MEET THE POET Emily Dickinson spent much of her life in her room in Amherst, Massachusetts, writing poetry. Born in 1830, she grew up loving school, but unmarried women were expected to stay at home and help. After her death in 1886, her family found hand-sewn books with over 1,800 poems inside. BLC23_SE_LB_U01_026-029_BLA.indd 27 9/15/21 12:24 PM When we write, we use a punctuation mark at the end of a sentence to signal the end of a thought or idea. There are three types of end punctuation marks. Period Write a period at the end of a statement. He loved working with plants . He started Tennessee State’s music department . Question mark Write a question mark at the end of a question. Who are you? Where are your ancestors from? Exclamation point Write an exclamation point at the end of an exclamation (a phrase that expresses a strong feeling). I’m Nobody! Put education in your heart, not boys! “I love you, I love you, I love you!” TOOLS FOR WRITING Punctuation Basics A Complete each sentence with a punctuation mark. Explain your answers. 1. I met her only once 2. What ancestor inspires you the most 3. I put education in my heart, too 4. She was born in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1959 5. Where did his ancestors settle 6. Why did Nancy think her father was brave 7. I really loved the memoir about Refugio B Write one statement, question, or exclamation about each memoir from Honoring Our Ancestors. Use a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point. What did Enrique Chagoya learn from his father? Tools for Writing UNIT 1 28 BRIDGES TO LANGUAGE ARTS BLC23_SE_LB_U01_026-029_BLA.indd 28 9/15/21 12:24 PM Build Vocabulary LOAN WORDS English has been influenced by languages around the world. We can see this in English words. There are thousands of loan words from over 300 languages. A loan word is the exact word taken from another language. For example, pizza is a loan word. Do you know what language it comes from? Consider these loan words. Which words do you already know? Did you know their origin? FRENCH SPANISH ARABIC CHINESE apostrophe cafeteria cotton ketchup garage guitarr giraffe tea pioneer mosquito sofa A Do a word challenge. Use as many loan words as you can to write a story. A giraffe walked into the cafeteria and asked for a fried mosquito with a side of ketchup. The mosquito said, “No way!” and flew under the sofa. B Share your stories. Give each other one point for each loan word in the story. cafeteria ketchup cotton mosquito garage sofa giraffe tea guitar umbrella (Italian) 29 UNIT 1 BLC23_SE_LB_U01_026-029_BLA.indd 29 9/15/21 12:24 PM 21
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